Instrumentation, Electronics & Control Sensing Devices

Instrumentation, Electronics Control Sensing Devices

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Electronic Circuit Simulator and Modeler Real Time

Electrical and Electronics

Schematic Symbols, Device Packages, Design and Testing Electronic Engineers Mini-Notebook Free Membership Required
Electronics Circuits Applications Manual
A Premium Engineers Edge Membership is required to view this Book
AC Electrical Circuit Analysis, A Practical Approach
Aluminum Electrical Conductors
Analog Circuit Design, Robust Design, Sigma Delta Converters, RFID - Premium Membership Required
Audio Transformer Audio transformer used in low power applications where a variable voltage is required.
Bandwidth Limiting Calculator Excel Spread Sheet Premium Membership Required
Binary to Decimal Conversion Calculator
Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion Calculator
Binary to Octal Conversion Calculator
Bloom Filter Calculator False positive matches are possible, but false negatives are not – in other words, a query returns either "possibly in set" or "definitely not in set". Elements can be added to the set, but not removed (though this can be addressed with the counting Bloom filter variant); the more items added, the larger the probability of false positives.
Cup Anemometer Wind Measurement Equation and Calculator
Critical Hall "s" parameter Equations and Calculator
CMOS Schmidt Trigger Oscillator Calculator Excel Spreadsheet Premium Membership Required
Conduit and Tubing Fill Tables for Wire Conductors and Fixture Wires of the Same Size
Common Thermocouple Temperature Ranges and Tolerances of Operation
DC Electrical Circuit Analysis, A Practical Approach
Decibel Tables Calculator Excel Spreadsheet Premium Membership Required
Multiple Feedback Band Pass Filter Calculator Premium Membership Required
Cable Management and Wire Organizer Systems Review Cable management systems available in various materials, sizes, colors, and NEMA or UL ratings
Capacitance Discharge Calculator Equations and a calculator for determining capacitance discharge rate of a capacitor
Circuit Breaker Overview Circuit breaker used break the circuit and stop the current flow when current exceeds a predetermined value
Coaxial Cable, Connectors Assemblies Review Coaxial cable is used as a electrical transmission line for radio frequency signals.
Complex Impedance - Current in AC Circuit Table gives Complex Impedance and Current in AC Circuit Equations
AWG American Wire Gauge Copper Wire Size Chart AWG Copper Wire Table Size and Data Chart @ 100 Degrees F
Allowable Copper Conductor Ampacities
Allowable Ampacities Aluminum and Copper-Clad Conductor per. (NEC) NFPA70
Current in AC Circuit Equations AC Circuit Equations for RMS Current.
Communications Projects , Electronic Engineers Mini-Notebook
Distribution Transformers Used in electrical power distribution and transmission systems.
Distribution Transformer Excel Calculator
Design AC Generators and Synchronous Motors
Electric Circuits Fundamentals Premium Membership Required
Electric Motor Circuit Breaker Tool Calculator Spreadsheet: Requires an active Premium Membership with Engineers Edge
Electrical Design of Cathodic Protection Design of cathodic electrical systems
Electrical Electronics Enclosure Classifications NEMA Standard UL Electrical Electronics Enclosure and Motors Classifications 50 & 508
Electrical Electronics Enclosure Classifications UL Standard NEMA 250, “Enclosures for Electrical Equipment (1000 Volts Maximum)
Electromagnetic Compatibility Engineering Design Handbook
The purpose of this handbook is to assemble information pertinent to the establishment of a condition of electromagnetic compatibility for any equipment or system, with itself, and with the environment in which it is to be placed when performing its designated function, and to define procedures to assure that an optimum design is obtained.
Electrical Wire and Cable, Engineering Design Handbook
International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation Wire and Cable Division
295 pages
Electromagnetics, Volume 1, Steven W. Ellingson, Virginia Tech, 240 Pages
Electromagnetics, Volume 2, Steven W. Ellingson, Virginia Tech 230 Pages
Fundamentals of The Theory of Electricity, I.E. Tamm, 689 Pages Premium Membership Required
Basic Electrical Engineering, SI Units, 807 Pages, B.L. Therraja, Premium Membership Required to view Document/Book
E-Feeder Cable and Conduit Size Design Calculator
Electrical Equations ( Alternating Current ) AC Electrical circuits and alternating current AC equations and formulae.
Electronic Sensors Overview Electronic sensor is a device designs to indicate or measure something Review the environment which it is operating.
Electric Motor Repair and Use Handbook Premium Membership Required
Electricity Consumption Usage Calculator Spreadsheet requires an active Premium Membership
Emergency Electrical Power A reliable and adequate source of electric power is necessary for the operation of active industrial operations..
Equally Tempered Scale Frequencies Musical Notes Table Calculator Excel Spreadsheet
Ferromagnetic-Core Design and Applications Handbook Nearly all modern circuits contain magnetic-core devices of one kind or another.
Frequency Converter Application Review Convert alternating current (AC) of some frequency to alternating current of another frequency.
Generator, Load and Capacity Calculator Spreadsheet Premium Membership Required
Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion Calculator
Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion Calculator
Hexadecimal to Octal Conversion Calculator
Higher Electrical Engineering In electronics the shift of emphasis to semiconductor devices is reflected in the omission of valve circuits from large sections of the text, in favor of bipolar transistor circuits. The field-effect transistor is dealt with in a later chapter.
HRC Fuse Design & Manufacturing RC fuse link is a very common, simple and effective electrical protection device
Heat Shrink Tubing Review Heat shrink tubing is a material that contracts or shrinks diametrically when a specified heat source is applied
High - Voltage Circuit Breaker Used for service on circuits with voltage ratings higher than 600 volts.
High Voltage Engineering Fundamentals Premium Membership Required
Inductance of Coil Calculator Inductors, also know as choke, coil
Industrial Electrical Insulation Testing Failure of an insulation system is the most common cause of problems in electrical equipment.
Insulation Resistance Required for Electrical Equipment Calculator Spreadsheetrequires an active Premium Membership
Instrument Current Transformer Instrument current transformer (CT) steps down the current of a circuit to a lower value
Instrument Potential Transformer Instrument potential transformer (PT) steps down voltage of a circuit to a low value
Isolation Transformer Low power transformers used to isolate noise from or to ground electronic circuits.
Inverting Op-Amp Gain Table Calculator Excel Spreadsheet Premium Membership Required
Linear Circuit Source Calculator Excel Spreadsheet Premium Membership Required
Linear Applications Handbook, 1287 pages Premium Membership Minimum Required
Low - Voltage Circuit Breaker Low - voltage circuit breaker is one which is suited for circuits rated at 600 volts or lower
Mechatronic Design, Devices, and Systems - Pages 486 ** Premium Membership Required **
Electronic Engineers Mini-Notebook Radio Shack Formulas, Tables and Basic Circuits
Mechanical Properties of Copper Wire
Mobile Electrification Systems Review Used to provide electrical power to moving machines and equipment.
NE566 Function Generator Frequency Calculator Excel Spreadsheet Premium Membership Required
NE570 Expander Output Biasing Calculator Excel Spreadsheet Premium Membership Required
NE570 VCA Output Biasing Calculator Excel Spreadsheet Premium Membership Required
Octal to Binary Conversion Calculator
Octal to Decimal Conversion Calculator and Table
Octal to Hexadecimal Conversion Calculator and Table
Ohms Law Equations and Calculator Current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the potential difference across the two points.
Potentiometer Equation and Calculator Potentiometer or a resistor a pot, is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating contact
Power Transformer Power transformers are sometimes considered to be those with ratings of 300 volt-amperes and below.
Practical Antenna Handbook Premium Membership Required to view Document/Book
Practical Electronics Design Handbook Premium resource membership required
Power Factor Capacitor Size Design Calculator
Pressure Tube Anemometer Air Flow Measurement Equation
Rack Mount Enclosures, Advantages and Design Rack Mount Enclosures for electronics and electrical systems
Radio Engineers Handbook - Premium Membership Required to view Document/Book
Residential Electrical Load and Requirements Calculations Spreadsheet Premium membership required
Graphical Resistor Calculator is a Software to easily calculate the resistance of registers from the band colors.
Resistors in Parallel Equation and Calculator Two or more components are connected in parallel they have the same potential difference voltage across their ends
RF Radio Frequency Filter Review RF (radio frequency) filter is a device that is utilized to allow or stop selected signals or frequencies
RF Circuit Design
Servomechanisms, Section 1, Theory
Schmitt Trigger Equations and Calculator Equation and calculator gives values for Schmitt Trigger and an Inverting Schmitt Trigger
Semiconductor Flip Chip Review Flip chip, also known as Controlled Collapse Chip Connection or its acronym, C4
Semiconductor Basic Circuits Electronic Engineers Mini-Notebook
Series & Parallel LED Design Calculator Determine the unknown series resistor value in ohms for the LED circuit shown.
Simple AC Circuits Simulation and Calculator
Starting Motor Voltage Drop Calculator
Switchgear Review Switchgear is a general term covering switching and interrupting devices that control, meter and protect the flow of electric power.
Surge Protectors (Surge Suppressors) Review A surge protector, also called a surge suppressor
Transfer Switch Transfer Switch Basics
Voltage Drop Calculations Voltage drops across internal resistance's of the source, across conductors, across contacts, and across connectors are undesired; supplied energy is lost (dissipated).
Wire Voltage Drop Calculator This voltage drop calculator is based on public domain formula
Voltage to Frequency Converters Review Voltage to frequency converters also called wide-range voltage-controlled oscillator
Wheatstone Bridge Analysis and Calculator Wheatstone Bridge Calculator
Wind Power Generation and Wind Power Turbine Design Premium Membership Required to view Document/Book
Zener Diode, Power Transistor on Heat Sink Calculator Calculator will determine the various design parameters of a Zener Diode, Power Transistor on Heat SInk power regulator.
Zener Diode and Resistor Voltage Regulator Design Calculator Zener Diodes can be used to produce a stabilized voltage output with low ripple under varying load current conditions.
Electronics Mathematical Modeling Handbook, Planning Research Corporation, Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Test and Instrumentation Equipment

Chart Recorders Electronics Testing Chart Recorder Review
Data Acquisition Systems Review Data Acquisition System can be can be accurately described by explaining what a Data Acquisition System
Temperature Controllers and Process Controllers Process and temperature controllers are similar in many respects

Uninterruptible Power Supply UPS

Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS) Requirements Calculator Spreadsheet Premium Membership Required
Selecting and designing a Uninterruptible Power Supply UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply UPS Selection and Design
- Determine the general need for an UPS. Knowing whether local, state, or federal laws mandate the incorporation of an UPS.
- Determine the purpose of the UPS.
- Determine the power requirements.
- Select the type of UPS. Selecting a particular type and configuration of an UPS depends on many factors that must be considered and weighted according to a facility’s particular requirements.
- Determine if the safety of the selected UPS is acceptable.
- Determine if the availability of the selected UPS is acceptable. In managing a facility, the availability of equipment and systems is of the utmost concern.
- Determine if the selected UPS is maintainable.
- Determine if the selected UPS is affordable. The pricing of the UPS can only be done when the type, configuration, and sizing are known.

EMI / RFI RFI Shielding

Electromagnetic Shielding Characterization of Gaskets Premium Membership Required
EMI /RFI Shielding Overview RFI (Radio Frequency Interference)
EMI /RFI Coatings EMI RFI Coatings Review
EMI ( Electromagnetic Interference) Filter Review EMI ( Electromagnetic Interference ) Filters
Mechanical Design Tips for EMI Shielding

Electronic Switches and Connectors

Membrane Switch Overview and Application A membrane switch is an electrical switch for turning a circuit on and off.
Typical Membrane Switch Design and Construction Typical membrane switches incorporates the following layered components
Electrical / Electronic Switches Abbreviation and Symbols Chart provides several common electro-mechanical switch drawing symbols and abbreviations.
Membrane Switches - Specifying Requirements

Temperature Sensors & Detectors

Thermocouple Construction Thermocouple's are assembled with two dissimilar metal wires joined at one end
Thermocouple Operation Thermocouples will cause an electric current to flow in the attached circuit when subjected to changes in temperature.
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD's) Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD's) incorporates pure metals
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit Wheatstone Bridge Circuit Operation Wheatstone Bridge Analysis and Calculator
Wheatstone Bridge Operation Wheatstone Bridge Circuit Operation Basics
Temperature Detection Circuit Block diagram of a typical temperature detection circuit.
Temperature Compensation Because of changes in ambient temperature, the resistance thermometer circuitry must be compensated.

Microwave Electronics

Microwave and RF Design, Fundamentals, Third Edition, Michael Steer, North Carolina State University

Misc.

Guide Manual of Cooling Methods for Electronic Equipment. Bureau of Ships Navy Department, 224 Pages, Free Membership Minimum Required to view Document/Book
Microwave and RF Design Radio Systems, Volume I, Third Edition Michael Steer, North Carolina State University
Microwave and RF Design Transmission Lines, Volume 2, Third Edition

Electrical Electronic Devices

555 IC Timer Monostable and Astable Design Calculator 555 timer IC integrated circuit is the first and still one of the most popular IC timer chips in use.
LM 555 Timer Circuits Applications Electronic Engineers Mini-Notebook
Arc Flash Calculator per. NFPA 70E Calculator Excel Spreadsheet
Available Fault Current Calculator Excel Spreadsheet
NCP1611 Generator Frequency Calculator Excel Spreadsheet
NCP108x, Flyback CCM, Design Calculator Excel Spreadsheet
Capacitor Color Codes for Identification Capacitors may be marked with 4 or more colored bands or dots.
Capacitance Equations - Formulae Electrical Capacitance equations for various configurations.
Ceramic Capacitors Review Ceramic capacitors are part of the family of electrostatic capacitors.
Design And Application Guide for High Speed MOSFET Gate Drive Circuits
Laszlo Balogh, 40 Pages
Dynamic Braking Resistor High power wattage resistor used by a electric motor to assist in the process known as dynamic braking.
Dynamic Braking Resistor Calculations Equations that define dynamic braking systems performance.
Edge Wound Resistors Review Edge wound Resistors constructed from a continuous ribbon of resistance alloy material
Fire Alarm Notification Appliance Circuit Calculator Excel Spreadsheet - Premium Membership Required
Fuel Cell Technology Handbook Fuel cells are one of the cleanest and most efficient technologies for generating electricity.
Handbook of Instruments Automation and Sensors Premium Membership Required to view Document/Book
Magnets and Sensors Projects Electronic Engineers Mini-Notebook
MOSFET Spice Parameters Spreadsheet Calculator
Motors and Generators Standards, Installation and Design Premium membership required
Electrolytic Capacitor Review Type of capacitor that uses an electrolyte, an ionic conducting liquid, as one of its plates
Selecting Main Branch Circuit Breaker Tool Calculator Spreadsheet per. NEC-210
NCP1027 Design Tool Brownout Calculator Spreadsheet
NCP1351 Inductor Calculator Spreadsheet
NCP1562 Design Tool Calculator Spreadsheet
NCP3063 Design Calculators NCP3063 BUCK Topology Calculator Spreadsheet , NCP3063 BOOST Topology Calculator Spreadsheet , NCP3063 VOLTAGE INVERTING Topology Calculator Spreadsheet
NCP3163 Design Calculators BUCK Topology Calculator, BOOST Topology Calculator Spreadsheet , VOLTAGE INVERTING Topology
NCP5252 Circuit Design Aid Calculator Excel Spreadsheet NCP5252 is a fast-transient-response and high-efficiency single-phase buck regulator with built-in MOSFETs.
NCV8876 Boost Design Tool Calculator Excel Spreadsheet designing with the NCV8876 for continuous conduction mode boost applications
NCP102 Design Spreadsheet Calculator Excel calculates both system and component data for use with the NCP102 in a voltage regulator configuration
CP5222 Design Tool Calculator Spreadsheet a fast-transient-response and high-efficiency dual-channel / two-phase buck controller with built-in gate drivers, provides multifunctional power solutions for notebook power system.
Neutral Grounding Resistors Incorporated into electrical circuits to protect the system and devices.
NUD4001 LED Design Tool Current Source Spreadsheet
Op-Amp Gain Design Equation and Calculator Determine the Gain and output voltage for both a Non-Inverting Op-Amp and an Inverting Op-Amp.
Op Amp (Operational Amplifier) IC Circuits Electronic Engineers Mini-Notebook
Electronic Engineers Mini-Notebook Optoelectronics Circuits
Power Resistors - Review Power Resistors are resistors which are capable of handling a lot of power, as their name implies
Resistors - Review Resistors are electrical or electronic components which resist the flow of current across the resistor device.
Resistor Color Codes Resistors are normally identified with a code.
Resistor Types Resistors are available in may different packages and made from different material
AC Substation Grounding Requirements Calculator Spreadsheet Premium Membership required
Solar Panel Design Requirements Calculator Spreadsheet Premium Membership Required
Solar Cell Projects Electronic Engineers Mini-Notebook Free Membership required
Solar Cell Radiation Handbook Premium Membership Required
Tantalum Capacitors Review Tantalum capacitor is comprised of a permeable tantalum center section surrounded by tantalum pentoxide.
Volts to dBm Equation, Calculator and Table
Wire Wound Resistors Review Wire Wound Resistors consist of a cylindrical core which is wrapped or wound with wire.
Voltage Summing of Three Resistors Equation and Calculator
Voltage Divider for 5% Resistors Calculator Excel Spreadsheet Premium Membership required
XR-2206 Function Generator Frequency Calculator Excel Spreadsheet Premium Membership Required
Zener Diode Conventional solid-state diode will not allow significant current if it is reverse-biased below its reverse breakdown voltage.
Electronic Engineers Mini-Notebook Sensor Projects Premium Membership Required

Pressure Detection

Bellows Pressure Detector Bellows Pressure Detector provides the need for a pressure sensing element
Bourdon Tube Pressure Detector Bourdon tube pressure instrument is one of the oldest pressure sensing instruments in use today.
Pressure Sensors Review Pressure sensors, also called pressure transducers, are used to measure the force exerted within or onto a mechanical system.

Transducer Detection

Strain Gage and Resistance Type Transducer Strain Gage Transducer Application
Stain Gage Transducer Configurations & Review Strain Gage Transducers or elements are available in a wide variety of configurations in both wire and foil gages.
Inductance Type Transducer Inductance-type transducer consists of three parts
Capacitive Type Transducer Capacitive-type transducers consist of two flexible conductive plates and a dielectric.
Pressure Detector Block / Circuit Diagram Pressure Detector Circuits and Block Diagram Basics

Level Sensors & Detectors

Capacitive Displacement Sensor Review
Capacitive Sensor Theory and Operation Video
Glass Gauge Type Level Detectors Simple means by which liquid level is measured in a vessel is by the gauge glass method
Ball Float Type Level Detector Ball float method is a direct reading liquid level mechanism
Chain Float Type Level Detector Chain Float Type Level Detector Review
Conductivity Type Level Detector Conductivity probe level detection system
Magnetic Bond Type Level Detector magnetic bond method was developed to overcome the problems of cages and stuffing boxes.
Differential Pressure Type Level Detector Magnetic bond method was developed to overcome the problems of cages and stuffing boxes.

Flow Sensors & Detectors

Flow Meter and Detector General Flow meters operate on the principle of placing a restriction in the line to cause a differential pressure head.
Orifice Plate Flow Detector Orifice plate Flow Detector is the simplest of the flow-path restrictions used in flow detection
Venturi Tube Type Flow Detector venturi tube is the most accurate flow-sensing element when properly calibrated.
Dall Tube Type Flow Detector Flow rate in a Dall tube is determined by measuring the pressure drop caused by restriction in the conduit.
Pitot Tube Type Flow Detector Pitot tube is a pressure measurement instrument used to measure fluid flow velocity.
Rotameter Type Flow Detector Rotameter is an area flow meter so named because a rotating float is the indicating element.
Nutating Disk Displacement Flow Meter Nutating disk meter.
Hot-Wire Anemometer Flow Detector Hot-wire anemometer, principally used in gas flow measurement
Electromagnetic Flow meter Third most common flow meter behind differential pressure and positive displacement flow meters
Ultrasonic Flow Equipment Ultrasonic flow equipment use the Doppler frequency shift of ultrasonic signals reflected from discontinuities in the fluid stream

Synchronizing Motors

Self-Synchronizing Motors, or Synchro Equipment Remote indication or control may be obtained by the use of self-synchronizing motors
Practical Electric Motor Handbook
A Premium Engineers Edge Membership is required to view this Book

Switches

Mechanical Limit Switch Mechanical limit switch is a mechanical device which can be used to determine the physical position of equipment.
Reed Limit Switch Reed switch is an electrical or mechanical switch that is actuated by an applied magnetic field.
Position indicator Typical Circuits Position Sensor is any instrumentation or device that is utilized to detect position measurement or an objects location.

Variable Output Devices Used in Position Sensing

Carbon Monoxide Sensor Detector Review CO detector is a device that detects the presence of the carbon monoxide (CO) gas
Potentiometer Position Indicator Potentiometer, informally a pot, is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating contact that forms an adjustable voltage divider.
Linear Variable Differential Transformer ( LVDT ) or Linear Voltage Displacement Transducer Accurate position indication mechanical travel is a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT)
Position indicator Typical Circuits Position Sensor is any instrumentation or device that is utilized to detect position measurement or an objects location.

Sensors & Detectors General

Colorimeters Review Colorimeters are devices which can identify or characterize colors.
Color Control and Measuring Instruments Color control and measuring instruments in engineering is done with one or more technologies or devices.
Accelerometers Review and Application Accelerometers are devices which are used to measure or sense changes in velocity.
Color Spectrophotometers Review and Application Color Spectrophotometer are photometer instruments used in Spectrophotometry.
Viscometer Design and Application Review Viscometer (also called viscosimeter) is an instrument used to measure the viscosity of a fluid.

Electrical Meters and Measuring Devices

How To Buy An Oscilloscope Purchasing An Oscilloscope
D'Arsonval Movement Meter Review A commonly used sensing mechanism used in DC ammeters, voltmeters, and ohm meters
Electrodynamometer Movement Meter Review Electrodynamometer movement meter has the same basic operating principle as the D'Arsonval meter movement
Moving Iron Vane Movement Review Moving iron vane movement can be used to measure both AC current and voltage.
Simple Voltmeter Review DC Voltmeter Review
Simple Ammeter Ammeter measures electric current.
Simple Ohm Resistance Meter Ohm meter is an instrument used to determine resistance
Watt Meter Wattmeter is an instrument which measures DC power or true AC power.
Three Phase Wattmeter Total power in a 3-Theta circuit is the sum of the powers of the separate phases.
Ampere - Hour Meter Review Typical ampere-hour meters are digital indicators similar to the odometer used in automobiles
Power Factor Meter Power factor meter is a type of electrodynamometer movement when it is made with two movable coils set at right angles to each other.
Power Conditioner Review A power conditioner, also known as a line conditioner
Electrical Ground Meter Electrical ground meter is an instrument which is used to detect conductor insulation resistance to ground.
Synchroscope Review Synchroscope indicates when two AC generators are in the correct phase
Multimeter Review Multimeter is a portable single instrument capable of measuring various electrical values
Megger Review Megger is a portable instrument used to measure insulation resistance.

Network Analysis Engineering Books

Network Analysis and Synthesis, Franklin G. Kuo, ** Premium Membership Required **

IEEE 1584-2018 Equations and Calculators

Arc Flash Hazard Calculations Procedure and Considerations For Medium Voltage System
Determining Arc-Flash Duration per. IEEE 1584-2018
IEEE 1584-2018 Electrode Configuration in Equipment Indentification
Intermediate Average Arcing Currents Equation and Calculator per IEEE 1584-2018
Arcing Current Variation Correction Factor Equation and Calculator per IEEE 1584-2018
Interpolation Equations and Calculator for Arcing Current per IEEE 1584-2018
Enclosure Size Equations and Calculator for Arcing Current per IEEE 1584-2018
IEEE 1584-2018 Electrical Bus Gaps Typical by Enclosure Size
Typical Working Distances For Arc-Flash Calculations per. IEEE 1584-2018
Incident Energy (E) Equations and Calculator per IEEE 1584-2018 for E₆₀₀ , E₂₇₀₀ , E₁₄₃₀₀ and E _≤600 at Voc = 14 300 V (J/cm²)
Intermediate Arc-Flash Boundary Equations and Calculator for Arcing Current per IEEE 1584-2018
Final Arc Current Equations and Calculator per IEEE 1584-2018
Arc-Flash boundary (AFB) Equations and Calculator per IEEE 1584-2018
Determination of the Arc Duration per IEEE 1584-2018
Incident Energy (E) Equations and Calculator per IEEE 1584-2018

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