| Elongation Chart for Common Bolting Materials |
| The amount of bolt stretch you want in your end ite design will, of course, be determined by the amount of preload you want in the fastener. You won’t be able to answer the question until after you have considered working loads on the bolt, and failure modes. |
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| Inelastic Analysis of Geometrically Exact Rods |
| In this work a formulation for rod structures able to consider coupled geometric and constitutive sources of nonlinearity in both the static and the dynamic range is developed. Additionally, it is extended for allowing the inclusion of passive energy dissipating elements as a special rod element and geometric irregularities as a full three-dimensional body connected to the framed structure by means of a two-scale model. |
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| Steel Pipe Clamps Stress and Friction Capacity Analysis |
| Pipe clamps are often seen as simple elements used for the connection and fixation of pipes and support elements. In case of existing piping, especially in nuclear facilities welding to existing piping is often not acceptable or extremely costly. Friction based supports could offer an alternative approach if their design is proven and the occurring loads can be transferred without sliding or clamp failure. |
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| Design Equations of Belleville Washer Springs |
| A theoretical study was made to obtain data to establish an analytical method for the design of Belleville washers for energy storage and to modify the conventional formulas to replace the dependent variables with the Independent or known values. |
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| Flat Roof Snow Loads Flat Roof Snow Loads |
| Flat roof snow load are determined by the following method: The snow load, pf, on a roof with a slope equal to or less than 5 degrees◦ 1 in./ft = 4.76 deg.) shall be calculated in lb/ft2 (kN/m2) using the following formula: |
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| Ground Snow Loads |
| Ground snow loads, pg , to be used in the determination of design snow loads for roofs should be as set forth in the illustration below for the contiguous United States and for Alaska. Site-specific case studies shall be made to determine ground snow loads in areas designated "CS" . Ground snow loads for sites |
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| Sloped Roof Snow Loads Calculations and Regional Design |
| Snow loads acting on a sloping surface shall be assumed to act on the horizontal projection of that surface. The sloped roof snow load, ps, shall be obtained by multiplying the flat roof snow load, pf, by the roof slope factor, Cs: |
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