Related Resources: spring material

Bending Applied Spring Stiffness Constant Equations and Calculator

Machine Design and Engineering
Spring Design and Engineering
Vibration Engineering and Design

Bending Applied Spring Stiffness Constant Equations and Calculator

Bending Applied Spring Stiffness Constant Equations and Calculator

kt = (( E d4 ) / (32 n D ) ) ( 1 / ( 1 + E / 2G)

kt = Spring Stiffness (lb-in / rad)
d = Wire Diameter (in),
D = Mean Coil Diameter (in),
n = Number of Active Coils,
E = Young's Modulus (lb/in2)
G = Modulus of Elasticity in Shear (lb/in2)

Reference Harris, Shock and Vibration Handbook