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Test Engineers Handbook

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Test Engineers Handbook

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Test Engineers Handbook

Preface

The testing of engines and engineering materials is one of the most interesting aspects of engineering work. It is also of vital importance, because it is only by observing the results of workshop and laboratory tests that the engineer can improve upon the work of his predecessors. Testing may, therefore, be regarded as the foundation upon which engineering progress is built.

The present book gives a survey of the chief types of works’ tests which are employed in connection with the various branches of engineering work.

Chapter I deals with the testing of steam engines, and the interpretation of indicator diagrams. The second chapter is devoted to the testing of engines of the Diesel and semi-Diesel type. In this connection, it may be observed that the same principles may be applied to any type of internal-combustion engine.

As the testing of aero engines is of such outstanding importance at the present time, a special chapter has been devoted to this aspect. The testing ofengineering materials, such as iron , steel, and non-ferrous metals, and also the testing of cements and concretes, form the subject of Chapter IV. Fuel and gas testing and the testing of lubricating fuel oils are dealt with in the concluding chapter.

Whilst it is not claimed that every possible branch of engineering testing has been covered, it is felt that the information given in the following pages will amply meet the everyday requirements of engineers who are concerned with the routine testing of engineering plant and materials, as distinot from the highly specialised work of the testing laboratory.

This book is likely copyright 1930's however is still and interesting read and resource.

TOS

CHAPTER I
Steam-engine Testing
The Steam-engine Indicator and its Object — The Indicator Reducing Gear — Preparation for Test — Taking the Diagram — Essential Features of the Diagram — Uses of the Diagram — Finding I.H.P. — Accuracy of Valve Setting — Efficiency of Engine.

CHAPTER II
Oil-Egine Testing . . . . . . . .11
Diesel Engine Indicator — Indicator Valve — Reducing Gears— Comiecting up Reducing Gear — Setting the Drum Cord — Indicator Spring — The Test Diesel Engine Diagrams — Four-cycle Engine P.V. Power Diagram — Light Spring Diagram — Crank-angle Base Diagram — Compression Diagram — Continuous Diagrams — Engine Faults — Measurement of M.l.P. and I.H.P. — Use of the Planimeter.

CHAPTER III
Testing Aero Engines 21
Rating of the Engine — Definitions — Preliminary Tests — Erection of Engine on Dynamometer — Running-in Test — Endurance Test — Final Acceptance Test — Type Test — Maximum Climbing Boost — Throttle-power Consumption Curve — The Altitude Curve — Power and Boost Pressure and Air Intake — Performance at Rated Height — Endurance Testing on Type Test — Testing of Series Engines.

CHAPTER IV
Materials Testing 43
Objects of Testing Materials — Tensile Tests — Testing Machines — Methods of Holding Specimen — Extensometers — Marking Off Gauge Length — Test Calculations — Yield Stress — ^Ultimate Strength — Proof Stress — Standard Test Specimens — Compression Tests — Buckling Load — Transverse Tests — Bend Tests — Cupping Tests — Torsion Tests — Hardness Tests — The Brinell Test — Pyramid Hardness Numerals — Rockwell Hardness Test — The Schlerosoope — The Herbert Pendulum — ^Impact Tests — Fatigue Testing — Creep Tests — Metallographio Tests — Analytical and Corrosion Tests — Testing Cement and Concrete — Hydraulic Modulus — Magnesia and Sulphate Contents — Fineness of Cement — Strength of Cement — Tensile Tests on Cement — Compression Tests on Concrete — Determination of Setting Time — Soundness, and Normal Consistency of Cements — Testing Portland Blast-furnace Cement — Tests on Concrete — Slump Test.

CHAPTER V
Fuel and Gas Testing . 89
Fuel and the Calorimeter — Operation of the Calorimeter — Gross and Net Calorific Value — Proximate Analysis — ^Ultimate Analysis — Gas Testing — The Orsat Gas-testing Apparatus — Excess Air — ^The*^* Ronald Wild** Calorimeter,

CHAPTER VI
Testing Lubricating and Fuel Oils . . . . .97
The Properties of Oils — Sources of Oils — How an Oil Lubricates — ^Testing of Oils — Specific Gravity — ^Viscosity